Organizational Culture and National Culture in...

Abstract Multinational organizations are combinations of multicultural employees. Multicultural environments cause cultural shock among leaderships and employees. Organizational culture and national culture are significantly important in current marketing environment. Organizational culture mainly shows the value and the roles inside the organization. However, national culture is the directing of organizational culture and influence both leadership and employees deeply from their personal values. Furthermore, the relationship between organizational culture and national culture has impacts on leaderships, employees, job satisfaction as well as the commitment of employees to the organizations. This essay will discuss the issues above, and†¦show more content†¦For instance, Wallach (1983) viewes three perspectives of organizational culture, that is, innovative, supportive and bureaucratic. Martin (1992) identified three forms of organizational culture, including fragmentation, different iation and integration. Goffee and Jones (1998) define four types of organizational cultures, which is communal, fragmented, mercenary and networked. However, in a company, individuals have personal values and beliefs as well as personal desires. On that account, the attitude of employees and commitment to the companies may result in diversity of achievements. National cultures also have some effects on the values, beliefs and personal desires. A variety of countries have multifarious national cultures, giving rise to a culture shock in multinational companies. Cross-cultural research shows that significant differences exist in national culture characteristic between western and eastern cultures (Hofstede, 1980, 1991; El Kahal, 2001; Chen, 2001). For instance, it is widely known that bureaucratic traditional deep-rooted culture and high power distance exist in Chinese companies (Pye, 1985; Chen, 2001). The management of firms in the west and east makes a world of difference. The rea son for that is the distinction between the impact of national culture on individual worth and how individual worth adapts to the organizational culture. Furthermore, after organizations in Hong Kong are mostly in power by ethnic Chinese, the Chinese-style highShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Management Problems Facing Multinational Companies and Companies with an International Dimension in Various Parts of the World1418 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, business is set in a global environment. Companies not only regard their locations or primary market bases, but also consider the rest of the world. In this context, more and more companies start to run multinational business in various parts of the world. 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Knowledge is Power Free Essays

The differences in cultural beliefs and traditions resulted in the difficulty of Cambodian migrants in adjusting to the lifestyle in the United States. However, due to the way American culture affects the way these people live, gradual changes had been seen. It is through this that we see a shift in the perception of Cambodian refugees concerning different things. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge is Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the end, such redefinition of concepts and knowledge cemented the Southeast Asians into the American welfare state. Looking at the issue presented by Ong, there are indeed drastic changes and a gradual shift as far as knowledge is concerned within the parameters of refugees living in the United States. Seeing these there are two (2) ways in which the production of knowledge increased which in turn cemented the role of South East Asians in the region. First, is that it created an opportunity for the acculturation process to happen among Cambodian immigrants in the United States. Seeing the catastrophe in Cambodia, residents sought to look for places that their security and stability can be assured. â€Å"By raising their arms, they elected to go to America, the home of freedom and wealth, far away from the demented Pol Pot regime, the chaos, poverty, and political uncertainty of Cambodia.† (Ong, 2003) The obvious problem that can be seen during the first entry of Cambodians in the United States was the issue of adjusting to the different norms and practices by the state. â€Å"The most obvious difficulties faced by Cambodian refugees in the United States have to do with intergenerational conflicts, shifting gender norms and opportunities, problems of economic marginalization, and problems of racial discrimination—all of which are mediated by state interventions in making these immigrants into â€Å"good citizens.† (AESonline.org, 2006) Though such case may be problematic, it solidified the information needed and the requirements set to become integrated into the state. Another problem within the realms of acculturation is the shifting of power by those who speak the language at to those who do not. â€Å"The change in power relations between parents and children led to children being frustrated with parents not being able to help them with homework.† (Vang, 2004, p.2) Another issue that can be analyzed in the situation is the role of both men and women particularly among Cambodian refugees. â€Å"For men and women, welfare dependency increased women’s power relative to men’s† (Vang, 2004, p.2) Also, there is the case of trying to cope and adjust to the service providers that caters to the services of both refugees and immigrants. â€Å"By having the right to intervene in domestic disputes and to set new norms of gender behavior, service workers were able to redefine refugee ethnicity morally, a process that also legitimized their professional domination over impoverished, disadvantaged, and racialized Americans† (Ong, p.167) This in turn created a spectrum of actions among the service providers as a means of acculturating the Cambodian immigrants/ refugees. â€Å"Similarly, the involvement of social workers in family life results for some in new opportunities for restructuring domestic gender and generational dynamics, whereas for others, it becomes a means of reinforcing traditional relations of hierarchy and community. The second reason is that the production of knowledge also legitimized the role of Cambodian refugees in the society. This means that these people, after the adjustment process became part of the overall dynamics and processes in the American society. â€Å"Such authority resulted in the refugees having to define and redefine themselves to â€Å"fit† into particular categories in order to obtain resources for survival.† (Vang, 2004, p.2) However, the legitimization only serves as a complement for every citizenry and for the part of the minority this means very little. Yes, such actions may seem beneficial in the way that they can acquire services from the welfare state, but overall the treatment among immigrants is the same as of blacks and other minorities. â€Å"It also appears that assumptions about the black and Hispanic underclass colored the teachers’ expectations about the precariousness of the refugee’s self-sufficiency, the limited kinds of jobs they could potentially fill, and their need for social discipline on arrival on the American mainland† (Ong, 2003, p.84) In the end, such knowledge of the situation paved the way for the development of new understandings and practices that is only unique to Cambodian refugees. It created a new avenue for changes that both showcased the good side and bad side of things. The dynamics of cultural activity are presented by Ong in the book and such creatively served the way Southeast Asians became part of the American society and culture. References AESonline.org. (2006) Buddha is Hiding: Refugee, Citizenship, The New America. Ong, A. (2003) Buddha Is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America. California Series in Public Anthropology, vol. 5. (Berkeley and London: University of California Press) Vang, C.Y. (2004) Buddha is Hiding: Refugee, Citizenship, The New America. Review. How to cite Knowledge is Power, Essay examples Knowledge is power Free Essays In Today’s society there is a debate over which is best. The knowledge you acquire from life experiences or the knowledge you obtain in school. In † Learning to Read† by Malcolm X. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge is power or any similar topic only for you Order Now He discusses his experience of how he taught himself how to read and write while incarcerated, and how he learned more through his self learning then he ever did in school. In â€Å"Sophie’s World† by Jostles Gardner. Sophie gets these strange letters in the mail from a mysterious man teaching her to question her very existence ND not to conform into believing what interest someone else. In â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan† by Carols Castanets. Don Juan teaches Carols Castanets that to be a true man of knowledge one must defeat man’s natural enemies. Although many individuals might have different opinions on what they consider their most Important lesson that they would share, I consider the power of knowledge to be the most significant lesson one can learn because the power of knowledge can help one overcome all odds, knowledge also gives us the ability to to look at the world in a ore omniscient view, also knowledge can give us the power to defeat man’s natural enemies. In â€Å"Learning to Read†, The fact that Malcolm AAAS incarcerated did not stop him in becoming the influential man he was in his day. Instead of wasting his life away by being unproductive with his time, he chose to expand and enlightened his mind with the likes of education and will power. While Malcolm X was In Charleston prison, he stated that he was envious of the fact that a fellow inmate had a vast amount of knowledge. Immediately, Malcolm X began an Intensive study by reading the cautionary from beginning to end and reading every single day multiple times a day. This allowed him to take the right path In his life against the odds by making him wiser about his decisions with the newfound knowledge he obtained through self education. Taking the right path is an individual discovery that’s based on what is best for a person in their situation. The whole point of taking the right path against the odds is to learn from one’s mistakes and instead of veering off to a path of destruction; one could walk onto a path of fruitfulness by grasping the positive points n their life and dismissing the negative. Next in the book â€Å"Sophie’s world† an anonymous person sends Sophie letters basically about broadening her mind to all the world’s possibilities and interest that other people have beside her own. It is important to be well rounded and knowledgeable about all topics and not Just the topics that Interest someone. Learning and having knowledge about subjects, hobbles and the mechanics of life enables a person to better understand how everything functions and oneself In the process. The power of knowledge also lets someone look at the world in a more ere written to Sophie gave her more of an object view on life because they pointed many other aspects of the world rather than her own. And in â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan†. Don Juan said that in order to be a â€Å"man of knowledge† one must challenge and defeat his natural enemies. One of the enemies he discussed is fear. Fear keeps a man from knowledge because it makes him run away from knowledge. The consequences of first having the knowledge in the first place is what makes a man fearful. For example, during the asses when slavery was legal in the U. S. , slaves were forbidden to read or write and any inclination from the master of the slave doing so would have resulted in the slave being beat severely or some cases beat to death. Many slaves chose to submit to their master by not having knowledge of reading and writing because they were afraid of being caught and beaten. Fear prevents a person with going further in knowledge by suppressing and weakening their mind. Don Juan encourages the notion to fight against fear because the power of knowledge is greater than any fear imaginable. Given these points I believe the power of knowledge is the most significant lesson one can learn because it teaches one to rise above being average and Just existing. Malcolm X used his power of knowledge to overcome the odds he was dealt with to become a more productive and wise person in society. The letters Sophie was receiving broadened her mind and not to questioning the existence of life and conform to everybody else’s ideas. Ultimately, Don Juan used the power of knowledge to fight against his own fears and achieve greatness in his own life through that power. How to cite Knowledge is power, Papers Knowledge Is Power Free Essays Knowledge is power. This is true, whether the power which knowledge gives be used for good or for evil. By his medical knowledge, the doctor can cure disease and save his patient’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Is Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the blackmailer, by his knowledge of some guilty secret, can bleed his victim white under the threat of disclosure. In general, the man who knows has an advantage over the man who does not know. In this way the educated classes have always been able to rule over the ig ­norant. During the middle Ages in Europe, the only educated men were the priests. Great barons, brave knights, kings and ruling princes very often could not even read and write Kings had to appoint priests as their ministers. Unless the king was a man of very strong character, the power, nominally his, was in the hands of learned and clever priests. The soldier, the man of the sword, thought he was the master; but he was really in the hands of the priest, the man of the pen. The pen was mightier than the sword. It was the same in ancient India. The learned Brahmins were for ages the real rulers of Indian States. They dominated the lower, ignorant castes; and their knowledge enabled them to manage the Rajas and Maharajas. In the same way, and for the same reason, civilized na ­tions can dominate ignorant savage races. A handful of cul ­tured men can control hundreds of unlettered natives. It is their superior knowledge, and the weapons, organization and character which that knowledge has given them that give the cultured man power over these people who are physically, but not intellectually, their equals. In Europe and America today, education is so wide ­spread that even the working classes are educated people. As they have advanced in knowledge, the common people have advanced in power. So in the great democracies the people now rule themselves, and are no longer under the domination of priests and kings. Physically, man is a comparatively weak animal. He can ­not naturally run like the horse, nor fly like the birds. He is no match in strength for the elephant, the lion or the bear. He has no natural weapons of defense like the tiger’s fangs and claws. Yet he conquers all these strong and fierce beasts, and forces some of them to be his servants. It is his superior knowledge and intelligence that make him the master of creatures superior to him in physical strength. How to cite Knowledge Is Power, Papers Knowledge Is Power Free Essays Knowledge is Powerful than Money Respected president, honorable faculty staff and my fellow students A. O. A. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Is Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Knowledge is powerful than wealth is our today’s topic of discussion. When we say that knowledge is power we mean that knowledge is the only source of strength in the world. The idea that wealth is power is also quite common, it is believed to be true by a number of people but that is wrong; wealth is not a permanent thing. A man may be wealthy today but he may become very poor tomorrow. So man’s wealth cannot be a true source of power. Thus it is only knowledge that is a real source of power. Knowledge is wealth; if you have knowledge of market condition, you can become a rich trader and stock broker, you can get well-salaried jobs. If you want to engage in any trade of occupation, you have to learn it as an apprentice, otherwise you are lost at seas and will lose your capital instead of earning more. Knowledge and experience are most important in order to become wealthy man. MR PRESIDENT: Although in the present age money has become very necessary thing and people are giving much more importance to it, they are considering it as a ruling force. But they are wrong. We have to ponder over it with a keen eye. If money is ruling force than how we can justify the golden sayings of holy prophet (PBUH) when he says that ignorant and wise cannot be equal- when he says that to get knowledge is the basic responsibility of every man-male and female. When holy prophet is giving much more importance to knowledge, education and wisdom then we have a reasonable right to ask those people who are the advocates of money that holy prophet did not give importance to money. Why he always avoid accumulating money? The answer is very simple-wisdom is ruling power. Holy prophet ruled over a domain without money and on the basis of wisdom. MR PRESIDENT: If you have no knowledge of enemy fight and movements in war you can not organize your strategy to conquer him, this how Napoleon lost the battle of water too, he overslept that night against his routine and so he could not be informed about the changing pattern of enemy’s positions. When he got up he was too late to re-adjust his own forces before Lord Wellington launched a massive invasion against him. Wealth can be lost; more you spend it, it becomes less but knowledge is a thing that cannot be stolen by time or thieves. MR PRESIDENT: An educated man better understands his duties and obligations and serves his country in best possible way. Knowledge people are seeds of great civilization and progress. Russia and America owe their technological progress and space rocketry system to German scientists who they kidnapped after Second World War and paid them the highest salaries. Through knowledge, man is to earn livelihood and to maintain family. MR PRESIDENT: Knowledge comes first than money. If there is wisdom than earning of money is no difficult. Without wisdom earning money, saving money and using money is very very difficult. The history is replete with the examples where man had denied the wealth and prospered in life. Mehmood of Ghanznavi invaded India many times to spread Islam. He had the opportunity to plunder Temple of Somnaat. He had also been offered jewels and gold and wealth by the worshippers and administration of the Temple, but he refused to take it saying â€Å"I want to go in history as idol breaker instead of idol seller†. Hazrat Ali (RA) says and I quote Knowledge is better than money, since you have to protect money, while knowledge protects you. And money is depleted from spending, while knowledge grows when you spend it. And knowledge makes rulings, while money is ruled over. Their souls may have passed away, but their effects remain present in the hearts of people. People who hoard money have died while they are still living and scholars live on through the ages. . . I unquote. On the creation of Adam, in the Heavens, the Almighty bestowed upon him the gift of knowledge. The first verse of holy Quran which was revealed on Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) was also IQRA BI-ISMI RAB-I-KALLAZI KHALQ read with the name of thy lord who created you. Desire to excel by mean of education and knowledge had been inculcated by Allah Almighty. MR PRESIDENT: It has become a misconception in the prevalent era that desire of wealth and money is everything. It is the sole reason behind the progress of man. It may be an exception but, I would say, one cannot generalize this notion. This is a fallacy. Knowledge reinforces the natural sympathies of a person; create in him a large fund of fellow-feelings. Inspire him to deeds of charity and sacrifice and makes him to love mankind in general. Knowledge of person feels satisfaction and thinks that he is having everything. It also strengthen moral instincts and impulses curbs and restrain lawless desire and teach a man the art of living in human society according to recognized values and principles. Knowledge makes a man to think for himself, everybody enlarges his mental horizon and develops his mental and intellectual powers. Knowledge equips a man with social manners, etiquettes and the art of speech making and conversation. It gives a certain polish and refinements to men and women. Finally knowledge raises our prestige in all ways. Thank you. How to cite Knowledge Is Power, Essay examples

Auto Wreck Essay Example For Students

Auto Wreck Essay In todays congested society, automobile accidents are an often sight that most people dont even blink an eye at. During the time of World War II, I am almost positive that even the slightest accident would turn heads considering the level of technological advancement in the automotive and medical fields were nowhere near where they are today. In his poem Auto Wreck, Shapiro has taken a personal experience from some point in his own life, and has described it for us. This poem is very highly organized into sections by what is going on in the accident scene. The first stanza of this poem is very descriptive of an ambulance coming to the rescue of crash victims, just as an angel is said to come for the recently deceased. The soft silver bell beating could be related to either the ambulance or the angel, however we do not usually think of an ambulance as being soft. The silver bells remind me of the Christmas carol, Silver Bells, which speaks of angels in its text. Shapiro however only mentions the bells, as in the angels, once. Shapiro is extremely good at creating images in are heads with lines like, The ambulance at top speed floating down past beacons and illuminated clocks, which I see as the ambulance speeding through a lit up commercial area with glowing signs and billboards, and other such things found on the side of a busy road. Once the ambulance reaches the scene of the accident, the doors leap open releasing a light of hope upon the mangled. These victims, like in the movies are quickly placed on the stretchers and put in the back of the ambulance. Shapiro calls the ambulance a little hospital trying to show their importance in aiding the wounded. Lifting the silence, tolls the bell as the ambulance with its terrible cargo rocking, moves away, as the doors, an afterthought, are closed. This line is not only showing how quick the medics are working, but also their level of concentration and order of priorities. Because of their movement in the back of the ambulance they do not even think to close the doors until the little hospital is already moving. As the Ambulance moves away from the scene with the severely injured, the uninjured or minimally injured people walk among the cops, Shapiro states, describing every action that the police are taking. One police officer is making notes, one is cleaning blood, and one is hanging lights on the wrecked sheet metal that was once a recognizable automobile. Shapiro refers to the mangled cars as empty husks of locust, to iron poles, which as you know, locust leave a perfect shell of their body whey they die, which can crumble into many pieces. As there are at many accident sites, bystanders are looking onto this gruesome scene. They cannot believe what they are seeing and yet, cannot seem to leave. In this third stanza, as the traffic slowly moves around this accident,  I can picture every head turning to gawk at the scene in awe of its sick beauty, just as people do today. As every one looks on, their greatest fear is if it ever happened to me? We all think that, no matter what the case may be. Shapiro has recognized certain reaction patterns of society with this poem and jumbled them all together and put them on paper, along with the most common societal horror, an auto wreck. Shapiro questions death, as to who dies next and for what reason. He looks for a type of meaning for death; stating War is done by the hands, which I think, involves a level of intent. Suicide he says has cause, and still birth is logical because a stillborn baby would have had a terrible life of disease or disfiguration. Jumping back to the car accident, Shapiro implies fate or just a freak accident. .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f , .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f .postImageUrl , .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f , .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f:hover , .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f:visited , .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f:active { border:0!important; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f:active , .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u579eeb3c932baac8c014447628e4b34f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Life and Art of Paul Gauguin EssayHe spends the last stanza looking for some sort of resolution to his curiosity about death, but does not succeed. He creates a magnificent type of imagery, which played in my mind like a famous movie. He also used a level of symbolism uncommon to myself, and a spiritual deepness that almost makes you want to cry. This poem is not just about a mere car accident, but about certain death which we all face one way or another for one reason or another. However, as Shapiro reminds us of the unspoken question, Who is innocent?